Medical Study 📚

 BASIC STRUCTURE OF IgG "👇🏻 Electron microscopic studies have revealed that IgG is a Y-shaped tetrapeptide protein formed of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains. So an antibody is represented as H₂L₂ (1) Light Chains. Each light chain is formed of about 214 amino acids. Light chains are of two types in all the classes of immunoglobulin: Kappa (к) and lambda (λ.) chains . A given antibody has either both Kappa or both lambda type light chains. The amino acid sequence analysis of light chains has shown that a light chain is formed of 2 parts: Variable (V) of 1-108 amino acids and varies from one antibody to another; and Constant (C) of 109-214 amino acids and is characteristic of the antibody. Each light chain also has two intrachain disulphide (S-S) loops, one in variable part and other in constant part. (2) Heavy Chains. These are two in number. Each heavy chain is formed of 440 amino acids. Each heavy chain is formed of two parts: Variable region (form...

* Structure of maize grain (Monocot, endospermic Grain " 👇🏻 It is one seeded fruit called caryopsis or grain because pericarp (fruit wall) is fused with testa . Each grain is made up of following parts : 1. Seed coat. It is the outer brownish layer of the grain. In this, seed and fruit wall are fused together. 2. Endosperm. It comprises the major part of grain and is filled with reserve food. It is composed of two regions (a) Outer single layered aleurone layer, mainly made up of aleurone proteins (b) Inner starchy endosperm. It is separated from embryo by a layer called epithelium. 3. Embryo. It contains a single lateral cotyledon called scutellum and embryo axis with plumule and radicle are at its two ends. Root cap protects the tip of radicle. Radicle is surrounded by a protective sheath called coleorhiza. Plumule is also protected by a covered sheath known as coleoptile. Show of image in (Maize Grian):👇🏻 * Seeds as physiological enigma :👇🏻 Seeds have been considered as...

  What is Equisetum ? Plant body is differentiated into stem, leaves and roots. Height is from a few centimetres to several metres. Stem has two components, underground rhizome and upright aerial branches. Stems are jointed. Internodes possess longitudinal ridges or ribs and hollow interiors. Nodes possess a whorl of scale leaves. Function of photosynthesis is carried out by green aerial stem branches. Intercalary meristem occurs above the nodes. In rhizome some of the branch primordia develop into tubers, e.g., E. arvense. Due to presence of intercalary meristems, internodes can be easily pulled out as pipes. Adventitious roots develop in whorls over the nodes of rhizome. Xylem has xylem vessels. Aerial branches develop terminal strobili. In E. arvense, there are two types of aerial branches, green sterile and brown fertile. Terminal strobili occur only on fertile branches. Pteropsida (Ferns). The most conspicuous of the pteridophytes are the ferns. Ferns are pteridophytes that b...

  What is Biopatent ? Government grants the patent to certain inventors as permission to use invention for commercial purpose. Biopatents are given to : (i) For producing new product or invention. (ii) Modified and improved earlier invention. (iii) Technical know-how. (iv) New designing concept. Biopatents are being granted by the Government for biological entities and products derived from them. Countries like USA, Japan, members of European Union are granting biopatents.  Sometimes the unplanned genetic modification of organisms may produce unpredictable harmful results. So the Indian Government has set up Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) which keeps an eye on the validity of GM approach and the  safety of GM organisms for the public services like food and medicine services. A nice example of biopatency of indigenous biological resource by an influential corporate is that of basmati rice, an important food grain crop being grown in the Asian region even si...

 " What is Biopiracy ? Pirates in general terms were blood thirsty. They stole and killed others to enrich themselves. The biopirates are slightly different. They do not kill, they patent , They are completely protected by law. As a result, no body hunts them. Such practices are being employed by corporations and different Governments. Scientists go and collect various genetic materials like seed etc., from country like India or Amazon. Biological resources or bioresources include the organisms which are used to derive commercial benefits. Biological resources or bioresources include the organisms which are used to derive commercial benefits. SOME INTERESTING ASPECTS OF BIOPIRACY 1. Adalberto Antonio, Judge of State of Amazoans points out that Harry Wickham took about 70,000 seeds on behalf of Kew Gardens, Britain. This only act plunged the State of Amazoans in to starvation for years altogether. 2. American countries are also opposing the new patents on life and to commercialis...

 * SEX DETERMINATION "👇🏻 The sex is hereditary difference between two individuals of the same species. Sex is one of the most conspicuous and interesting kinds of hereditary differences observed among individuals of the same species. Determination of sex is determined at the time of fertilization, when the male and female gametes fuse together. In most of organisms, sex is determined by one or one pair of chromosomes called sex chromosomes or allosomes. A . Male heterogamety :-- Males form two types of gametes. One gamete possesses X chromosome and other lacks it. In some cases male may possess a Y chromosome. Such males are known as heterogametic Females in such cases form only one type of gamete which contain X chromosome Male heterogamy is of two types 1. 'XX (9) - XY' (ở) type :-👇🏻 By 1900, when microscope techniques had become quite well developed and chromosome behaviour was understood, it was noticed that there was one pair of chromosomes that differed from othe...