Biotechnological Application In Medicine ❔

 "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE  "

Show of A simplified representation of the production of hirudin from transgenic Brassica napus seeds: --👇🏻

Valuable pharmaceutical proteins like interferon, insulin, antibiotics have been expressed in plants due to introduction of transgenes. Such plants can produce proteins which are used in diagnosing and curing human diseases. Therapeutic protein hirudin (prevents blood clotting) has been produced from transgenic Brassica napus. Hirudin accumulates in seeds. About 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use in world over. India alone is marketing 12 of them. With the advent of genetic engineering, it is now possible to produce a number of hormones like insulin, steroid hormones like corticose, sex hormones like testosterone and estradial, relaxin, erythropoetin, bovin somatotrophin (BST). These genetically engineered hormones and growth factors are highly purified, fast acting with less side effects.

Examples of such transgenic plants are tobacco (leaves), potato (tubers), sugarcane (stems) and maize (endosperm).

A. EDIBLE VACCINES : --👇🏻

Vaccines of common use are usually produced by cell cultures or animals. Such vaccines contain weakened or inactivated pathogens. Crop plants can bear cheaper bioreactors to produce antigens which can be utilised as edible vaccines.

Even tissues of these transgenic plants can be eaten raw

Advantages of such plants are:

(a) No storage problem.

(b) Easy delivery system by feeding.

(c) Cheap alternative as compared to recombinant vaccines produced by bacterial fermentation.

Antigens from several pathogens have been expressed in plants. In banana and tomato, such antigenic proteins have been expressed. Transgenic banana and

(b) Primary Structure Of Insulin -👇🏻 

The first protein whose amino acid sequence forming its primary structure was determined, was insulin (Frederick Sanger, 1954). This protein is formed of two polypeptide chains-A-and B-chain, interlinked covalently by two disulfide bonds. A-chain is formed of 21 amino acid residue, while B-chain is formed of 30 amino acid residue. The A-chain had an N-terminal Glycine (GLY) and a C-terminal Asparagine (Asn), while the B-chain has an N-terminal Phenylalanine (Phe) and a C-terminal Alanine (Ala). Two disulfide bonds (-S-S-) present between two chains lie between cysteine amino acids located at 7th and 20th position of A-chain and 7th and 19th position of B-chain, A third disulfide bond also occurs in the A-chain between cysteine (Cys) amino acids at 6th and 11th position .

Both chains of insulin are biosynthesized as a single polypeptide chain, proinsulin in which A and B-chains are interlinked by a connecting C-polypeptide of 33 amino acids .

Its synthesis is controlled by the gene located on the short arm of chromosome 11. It then undergoes proteolytic processing forming insulin.

Primary Structure Of human insulin: 

 * Genetically engineered insulin *

Insulin is a proteinaceous hormone secreted by B-cells of Islets of Langerhans.

Sharpy-Shafer suggested that diabetes occurs due to failure of some islands of pancreas to secrete insulin.

Earlier insulin required for diabetes was extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs. The process was quite tiresome and difficult and yields of insulin would be low. In some patients it developed allergy or other side effects to foreign protein due to immune response. In 1983 Eli Lilly, an American Company, prepared two DNA sequences for A and B chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of E. coli. Extracted two types of polypeptide chains and combined them by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin called humulin. This led to production of insulin chains.

Eli Lilly has started selling humulin since 5th July 1983. Eli Lilly and Ranbaxy launched a new insulin project namely humalog (an analog of 5, 6 human insulin), which is more expensive than human insulin products. Humalog is absorbed within 10-15 minutes as against 30-60 minutes of other insulin products.

Structure Of Proinsulin: 👇🏻

Other therapeutic proteins produced by microbial biotechnology involving recombinant DNA technology are: Antiviral proteinaceous human B-Interferonsa fibrinolytic protein tissue Plasminogen Activator (IPA); an antihemophilic factor-VIII against hemophilia-A.

Strategy used for synthesis of Insulin from cloned DNA segment :👇🏻

* Note -👇🏻👇🏻 

!! * There may be an explanation as to the results of other biology results, you can search the website and see.

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