Medical Study 📚

 " What is Bioethics ? Certain acts are regulated by communities to consider their legitimacy. Such regulation is called ethics. Bioethics include standards followed by us to regulate the activities linked with biological activities. Unexpected methods are being adopted in the fields of biology like recombinant DNA technology and pharmaceutical studies. Bioethical concerns related to biotechnology are: (i) For the production of pharmaceutical products like proteins many animals are reduced to the status of factory. (ii) Animals undergo great physical sufferings while performing experiments on them. (iii) There is violation of 'integrity of species' due to transferring of a transgene from one species to another. (iv) 'Concept of humanness' is diluted due to introduction of human genes to various animals or vice versa. (v) Biotechnological studies have been considered as mere exploitation of living beings. (vi) Biodiversity may be affected due to biotechnological exp...

 " GENE THERAPY " Gene therapy is to replace 'a faulty gene' by a normal healthy functional gene. Gene therapy is a collection of methods which permits the correction of a gene defect which has been diagnosed in a child/embryo. In gene therapy normal genes are inserted into individual or embryo to take over the function and compensate for non-functional gene. Show of Gene therapy in patient of SCID :👇🏻 Types of therapy :--👇🏻 (1) Germ line gene therapy. It leads to modification of germ cells i.e. sperms or eggs. This is done by introducing functional genes which are integrated into their genomes. This type of therapy is inheritable. (ii) Somatic cell gene therapy . It leads to modification of somatic cells by introducing concerned gene in body cells. It removes symptoms of disorder temporarily. Under gene therapy, hereditary diseases like sickle cell anaemia to killer diseases like SCID (Severe combined immuno deficiency). SCID occurs due to defect in the gene for...

 " BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE  " Show of A simplified representation of the production of hirudin from transgenic Brassica napus seeds: --👇🏻 Valuable pharmaceutical proteins like interferon, insulin, antibiotics have been expressed in plants due to introduction of transgenes. Such plants can produce proteins which are used in diagnosing and curing human diseases. Therapeutic protein hirudin (prevents blood clotting) has been produced from transgenic Brassica napus. Hirudin accumulates in seeds. About 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use in world over. India alone is marketing 12 of them. With the advent of genetic engineering, it is now possible to produce a number of hormones like insulin, steroid hormones like corticose, sex hormones like testosterone and estradial, relaxin, erythropoetin, bovin somatotrophin (BST). These genetically engineered hormones and growth factors are highly purified, fast acting with less side effects. Examp...

 "What is Lactation ?👇🏻 1. Definition . Lactation involves the synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk. 2. Period . Though lactation starts towards the end of pregnancy but a free flow of milk occurs only after 24 hours of child birth. It can be continued after the birth only if the child continues to suckle. 3. Mechanism . Lactation involves two phases: (i) Milk secretion. It involves the synthesis of milk by alveolar epithelium of the mammary glands and its passage through the duct system. It is regu-lated by increased secretion of prolactin hormone from the adenohypophysis of pituitary gland due to decrease in level of estrogens and progesterone after the child birth. This initiation of milk formation is called lactogenesis. Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk secretion. It is regulated by a number of hormonal factors like growth hormone, thyroxine and cortisol. It occurs upto 7 to 9 months after the child birth. Suckling of nipple by baby initiates the impulses wh...

 " What is Parturition" 1. Definition . It is the expelling of the fully formed young from the mother's uterus after the gestation period (about 280 days or 40 weeks in human female) i.e., of about 9.5 months after the last menstruation (But about 266 days after the day of fertilization i.e. of 38 weeks). 2. Mechanism . Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism which is triggered by fully formed foetus and the placenta called foetal ejection reflex . A developing foetus secretes hormones from its adrenal glands. These hormones diffuse into the maternal blood and accumulate to stimulate the release of oxytocin (birth hormone also called pitocin) from the mother's posterior pituitary. Oxytocin causes the forceful contraction of smooth muscles of myometrium, called labour pains, which pushes the young gradually out through the dilated cervix (caused by relaxin) and vagina, with the head foremost. Uterine contraction, in turn, stimulates further secr...

 ORGANOGENESIS"👇🏻 Organogenesis includes the formation of specific   organ-systems of body from three primary germ layers of gastrula. It is an important phase of embryonic development and involves both morphogenesis and differentiation . Different organs of embryo's body are formed during different periods of pregnancy. Show Of pic Foetal Growth From 8 to 40 Weeks :👇🏻  * Period of Pregnancy --👇🏻 1. By the end of one month : --  Embryo's heart begins to beat (4th week) and heart sounds can be listened with the help of a stethoscope, Fore and hind limb buds are formed, optic vesicles and ear vesicles are established; Liver and pancreatic buds formed. 2. By the end of second month :Limbs become paddle-like (5th week) while elbows and knees established (8th week); epidermis single layered; mamumary line is established; Pharyngeal arches start developing: Nasal pits, pinna tubercles, solid lens of eye and eye lids established; Fusiform stomach and intestinal coil...

 " What is Placentation "👇🏻 A fully formed human placenta in situ : Placenta is defined as a temporary intimate mechanical and physiological connection between foetal and maternal tissues for the nutrition, respiration, excretion, etc., of the foigitate into corresponding depressions, called crypts , in the wall of the uterus. Finally, the chorionic villi fuse with the eroded uterine mucosa to form a true placenta called placenta vera . Initially the chorionic villi are distributed on the whole surface of blastocyst but later the major part of blastocyst is exposed and chorionic villi disappear from the exposed part and remain only on a disc-like area to form metadiscoidal placenta . The placenta is fully formed in 10 weeks and lasts throughout pregnancy. The placenta is connected to the embryo through an umbilical cord . The part of placenta contributed by the foetus (e.g., chorionic villi) is called foetal placenta, while the part formed by the mother is called maternal...